Economic Analysis and Response of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to Different Tillage Practices in Coastal Plain Soil of Akwa Ibom

Ikopima Uwemedimo Thomas; Ofonime Raphael Akata; Patrick Ibanga Udounang; Fidel Ekanikpong Ben

doi:10.70110/osse.v3i1.48

Authors

Ikopima Uwemedimo Thomas Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Ofonime Raphael Akata Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Patrick Ibanga Udounang Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Fidel Ekanikpong Ben Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70110/osse.v3i1.48

Keywords:

Cassava, Economic returns, Growth, Tillage, Yield

Abstract

Background: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is economically significant because it serves as both a staple food and a major source of income, driving food security, rural employment, and industrial growth in many tropical countries. Its production varies with different agronomic practices.
Aims: The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of tillage practices on growth and yield of cassava.
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Akwa Ibom State University, Teaching and Research farm. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design, replicated three times. Treatments were three tillage practices: ridges, mounds, and flat. Growth and yield data were collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) Significant means were tested at 5% probability level.
Result: The results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in all growth data, except for leaf area and plant height at 6 and 8 months after planting (MAP). Leaf area recorded in the ridge treatment at 6 MAP was 231.33 and 241.29 cm2 in 2024 and 2025 cropping seasons, while the corresponding mean leaf area of 223.35 and 221.15 cm2 was recorded at 8MAP. In mound treatment, 233.31 and 240.56 cm2 were recorded in both cropping seasons, while at 8MAP, 223.30 and 220.01 cm2 were recorded. In both cropping seasons, the leaf area observed in flat treatment, at 6 MAP, were 221.15 and 201.81 cm2, while the leaf area declined to 184.63 and 198.13 cm2 at 8MAP. The results of tillage practices showed no significant difference (p>0.05) on storage root yields. Ridge treatment had 28.90 and 28.73 ton/ha storage root yield. Mound treatment produced 28.75 and 28.64 ton/ha of storage root yield. Cassava grown on flat tillage produced 28.03 and 28.11 ton/ha of storage root yield in both cropping seasons. Cost of production and economic returns to management showed that flat tillage, which had least cost of production, resulted to higher economic returns to management.
Conclusion: The result showed that flat tillage which received less farm input and resources should be adopted by cassava farmers as higher economic return to management was recorded on flat tillage among other treatments.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aiyelari, E. A., Ndaeyo, N. U., Agboola, A. A. (2002). Effects of tillage practices on growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and some soil properties in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Tropicultura, 20(1), 29-36.

Akata, O. R, Essien, O. A, Ben, F. E., Enyong, J. K., Tochukwu, N. E. (2024). Effect of different levels of Poultry Manure on growth and yield of a Maranthus plant (Amaranthus hybridus) in Obio Akpa, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 10 (4), 744-751.

Akata, O. R., Essien, O. A., Ben, F. E., Ikeh, A. O. (2025). Performance of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.) under different nitrogen fertilizer grades in a high humid ecology of Southern Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 9(2), 82-93.

Akpan, E. A., Bernard, A. E., Essien, O. A., Akata, O. R., Ben, F. E. (2025). Effect of Organic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Obio Akpa, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, 18(1), 61-69.

Akpaninyang, F. E., Okpara, D. A., Njoku, J. C., Ogbologwung, L. P. (2015). Effect of fertilizer combinations on the growth of two orange-fleshed sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas (l) lam) varieties in a humid environment of southeastern Nigeria. In Crop Science Society of Nigeria: Second National Annual Conference Proceedings.

Akpaninyang, F., Okpara, D. A., Njoku, J. C. (2013). Integrated nutrient management for orange-fleshed sweetpotato in southeastern Nigeria. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences.14 (2): 117-123.

Aliyu, K. T., Kalala, K., Simutowe, E., MacLaren, C., Mhlanga, B., Ngoma, H., ... & Thierfelder, C. (2026). Flat planting of cassava is more productive, economic and labour-saving than in annual ridges in the high-rainfall environments of Northern Zambia. Field Crops Research, 336, 110221

Angon, P. B., Anjum, N., Akter, M. M., KC, S., Suma, R. P., & Jannat, S. (2023). An overview of the impact of tillage and cropping systems on soil health in agricultural practices. Advances in Agriculture, 2023(1), 8861216.

Atkinson, B. S., Sparkers, D. L., Mooney, S. J. (2007). Using selected soil physical properties of seedbeds to predict crop establishment. Soil Tillage Research, 104, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.09.004

Ben, F. E., Okpara, D. A., Akpan, E. A., Udounang, P. I., Akata, O. R., Inyang, P. (2024). Response of orange–Fleshed sweetpotato (Ipomea batatas (L) Lam) to ratoon cropping and nutrient management in Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research, 12(2), 23.

Bona, O., Richard, J. C. (2017). The role of cassava production in improving food security in Delta State, Nigeria. Available at https://www.movapublishers.com/catalog/product-info.php?products-id=62668. Accessed November 25, 2025.

Dauda A. and Maina K. D. (2017). Effects of Tillage on some soil physical properties, growth and yield of water melon in a semi-arid region of Nigeria, Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 13(1), 54–56.

Edet, C. E., Ibia, T. O., Essien, O. A., Akata, O. R., Afangide, A. I. (2025). Influence of tillage practices and nutrient application rates on performance of cassava in coastal plain sand, Etinan, Akwa Ibom State. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Environment, 9(1), 129–145.

Ekwere, O. J., Efretuei, A. O., Udounang, P. I., Akpaninyang, F. E. (2023a). Evaluation of Some Growth and Yield Traits of Nine Cultivars of White Guinea Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.). AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 7(2), 83 - 96

Enyong, J. K, Ben, F. E., Essien, O. A., Akata, O.R., Inyang, E. C. (2025). Influence of Post-Emergence Herbicides and Rates on the Growth and Yield of Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 26 (4):155-65. https://doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2025/v26i4690.

Enyong, J. K., Akata, O. R., Ugbe, L. A. (2021). Evaluation of Phytotoxicity of Selected Herbicides on Some Cultivars of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 5 (1): 115- 125

FAO. (2023). FAOSTAT (Crops). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT. (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

FAOSTAT (2020). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy: FAOSTAT 2020. Glicksman, M. Staches., In M. Glicksman, ed. Gum technology in the food industry. New York: Academic Press, 1969, 278pp.

Ikeh, A. O., Ndaeyo, N. U., Ikeh, C. E. (2023). Effects of integrated fertilization on soil sustainability and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yield in an ultisol. Journal of Current Opinion in Crop Science, 4(2), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.62773/jcocs.v4i2.197.

Ikeh, A. O., Udoh, E. I., Udoituen, I. O. (2016). Performances of pro-vitamin A cassava genotypes to water stress under screen house condition in Uyo, Southeastern Nigeria. Gashua Journal of Irrigation and Desertification Studies, 2(2), 135-143.

Inyang, P., Bassey, E. M., Afangide, A., Ankrumah, E., Anosike, F. C., Akpaninyang, F., Ndifon, E. M. (2022). Influence of Packaging Material and Rates of Potassium Permanganate on Post Harvest Ripening of African Eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon). Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 9(1), 39-43.

Licht, M. A., Al-Kaisi, M. (2005). Strip tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties. Soil Tillage Research, 80, 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.04.003

Magani, I. E., Shave, P. A. (2011). Economics of tillage systems and herbicides in lowland rice production at Makurdi, Southern Guinea savanna, Nigeria. Agricultural Biology Journal of North America, 2(6), 929-934. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2011.929.934

Okebiorun, E. O. (2024). Economic Analysis of Cassava Value Chain among Farmers in Ilesa West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, 5(1), 97-109.

Onyediako, P. O., & Adiele, J. G. (2022). Enhanced cassava production for food security and economic development in Nigeria: A review. Nigeria Agricultural Journal, 53(3), 204-211.

Polizeli, K. M. V. C., Vizioli, B., Vidigal Filho, P. S., Cagna, C. P., & Tormena, C. A. (2024). Cassava yield and soil physical properties under different tillage systems in Paraná, Suthern Brazil. Scientia agraria, 20(1), 2.

Reichert, J. M., Fontanela, E., Awe, G. O., & Fasinmirin, J. T. (2021). Is cassava yield affected by inverting tillage, chiseling or additional compaction of no-till sandy-loam soil?. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 45, e0200134.

Udounang, P. I., Essien, E. O., Umoh, F. O., Ijah, C. A., Akpaninyang, F. E. (2023). Evaluation of growth and yield of cocoyam on varying rates of organic manure in a cocoyam-based intercropping system. American Journal of Life Sciences, 11(3), 50–55.

Udounang, P. I., Ekwere, O. J., Akata, O. R. (2022a). Effect of different tillage practices on the growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in Obio Akpa Akwa Ibom State, South Eastern Nigeria. Akwa Ibom State University Journal of Agriculture and Food Science. 6(1): 36-45

Udounang, P. I., Ekwere, O. J., Akpaninyang, F. E. (2022b). Comparative effect of fertilization on cocoyam and component crops on cocoyam-based intercropping systems in Uyo, Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research, 10(1), 16–25.

Udounang, P. I., Ijah, C. J., Akpaninyang, F. E., Udoh, K. S. (2022c). Growth and yield evaluation of fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis hook, f.) by selected organic based manure in the rain forest zone of Nigeria. Journal of Forestry, Environment and Sustainable Development. 8(1):62-70.

Udounang, P. I., Akpainyang, F. E. (2021). Effect of seed bed preparation on the growth and yield of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagitifolium L. Schott) in Obio Akpa, Southeastern Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 5(3), 58– 65.